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| 1 |
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Q:
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In his classic experiment, Pavlov paired the ringing of a bell with feeding his dogs. Eventually, the dogs began to salivate when they heard the bell ring, even when food was not present. This is an example of: |
|
A
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Counter-conditioning |
B
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Classical conditioning |
C
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Operant Conditioning |
D
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None of the above |
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 2 |
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Q:
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Lisa loves to gamble. Even though she usually loses, she keeps trying because she enjoys winning. This is an example of what reinforcement schedule? |
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A
|
Variable ratio schedule |
B
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Fixed ratio schedule |
C
|
Variable interval schedule |
D
|
None of the above |
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 3 |
Go |
Q:
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Once complex behaviors are learned, they can be maintained using different schedules of reinforcement. Which type of schedule produces highest response rate? |
|
A
|
variable schedule |
B
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fixed schedule |
C
|
ratio schedule |
D
|
interval schedule |
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 4 |
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Q:
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Four children are being treated for a condition which requires treatment via medication. In order to encourage the children to take the medication faithfully, rewards are given to the children when they are found to have taken their medication. Doctor A gives the patient the reward each time the medication is taken faithfully. Doctor B gives the patient a reward after a set number of days if he or she has taken the medication faithfully. Doctor C gives the patient a reward after a random number of days if he or she has taken the medication faithfully. Doctor D gives the patient a reward after a random number of doses if the patient has taken the medication faithfully. Which doctor is likely to experience the best compliance long term? |
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A
|
Doctor A |
B
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Doctor B |
C
|
Doctor C |
D
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Doctor D |
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 5 |
Go |
Q:
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A mother ceasing to nag her child about cleaning his room as soon as the child cleans his room is an example of: |
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A
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Positive reinforcement |
B
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Negative reinforcement |
C
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Positive punishment |
D
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Negative punishment |
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 6 |
Go |
Q:
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Louie is in 8th grade. His science class is beginning a new chemistry unit and he was instructed to read the chapter in his text book before attending class. What type of learning does this describe? |
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A
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Reception learning |
B
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Fluid intelligence |
C
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Discovery learning |
D
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Crystallized intelligence |
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 7 |
Go |
Q:
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Anne's mother gives her a piece of candy every time she washes the dishes. At first, she enjoyed the candy but now she does not like it as much as she did before. She has a pile of uneaten candy in her bedroom. What is this called? |
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A
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negative reinforcement |
B
|
satiation |
C
|
deprivation |
D
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token economy |
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 8 |
Go |
Q:
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Martin started a new job as an electrical engineer. When he works, he must concentrate throughout the entire process. His co-worker has been working the same job for years. He often talks, sings, or listens to talk radio during his shift. What is this called? |
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A
|
Unlimited attention |
B
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Variability |
C
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Multiple attention |
D
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Automaticity |
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 9 |
Go |
Q:
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Gambling is a very addictive hobby. People continue to gamble, even when they lose large amounts of money. This is an example of what reinforcement schedule? |
|
A
|
variable ratio schedule |
B
|
fixed ratio schedule |
C
|
variable interval schedule |
D
|
negative reinforcement schedule |
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 10 |
Go |
Q:
|
Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development refers to: |
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A
|
The cognitive abilities that develop in a particular chronological order.
|
B
|
The regions of the brain that develop in order (back to front and inside to outside). |
C
|
The distance between what a learner can accomplish independently and what a learner can accomplish with guided instruction. |
D
|
The discrepancy between an individual's most and least developed cognitive abilities. |
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|
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 11 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which student comment demonstrates the BEST understanding of operant conditioning? |
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A
|
"I don't like negative reinforcement because it is just like punishment." |
B
|
"It's when I automatically remove my hand from a hot burner." |
C
|
"It explains why I am afraid of cats." |
D
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"I drive at the speed limit because I once got a ticket." |
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|
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 12 |
Go |
Q:
|
Festinger developed a Cognitive Dissonance Theory. According to the theory, which would be an example of cognitive dissonance? |
|
A
|
A substance abuse counselor has been sober for over 15 years. |
B
|
A parent believes that children should not be spanked, so as a consequence, the parent uses the time out system. |
C
|
A nurse teaches nutrition class once a week. Each time she teaches she feels self conscious because she is overweight. |
D
|
A teacher has a child that receives straight A's. |
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|
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 13 |
Go |
Q:
|
When Ann encounters new material in her biology class she relates it to information that she has previously learned. This strategy is described by: |
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A
|
rote learning |
B
|
elaborative encoding |
C
|
the network model |
D
|
maintenance rehearsal |
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|
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 14 |
Go |
Q:
|
Juan feels strongly about environmental causes. He does not own a car and he takes public transportation. Which factor(s) would explain how Juan's attitude was formed?
I. watching a persuasive TV program about environmental issues
II. belonging to an environmental club at school
III. operant conditioning
IV. classical conditioning
|
|
A
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I, II, and III only |
B
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I, II, III, and IV |
C
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I, III, and IV only |
D
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I, II, and IV only |
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|
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 15 |
Go |
Q:
|
If she has been good about going to the gym the previous week, a woman rewards herself with a bubble bath on Sunday night. She also rewards herself for every 20-lb weight loss by buying new clothes in a smaller size, and finds that she is more likely to exercise consistently when she treats herself to new clothes rather than to a bubble bath. Which of the following is true for her regarding the effectiveness of her exercise reinforcement schedules? |
|
A
|
Fixed ratio is more effective than variable ratio. |
B
|
Fixed ratio is more effective than fixed interval. |
C
|
Variable interval is more effective than fixed interval. |
D
|
Variable ratio is more effective than variable interval. |
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|
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 16 |
Go |
Q:
|
Participants in an experiment were assigned to either an action group where they listed ways they could perform well on an upcoming physical exercise or a neutral group where they listed things they did on an average day. After performing the exercise, participants evaluated it. The action group demonstrated a greater increase in preference for their chosen physical exercise than did the neutral group. What was studied in this experiment? |
|
A
|
Motivation and social facilitation |
B
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Motivation and cognitive dissonance reduction |
C
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Social facilitation and cognitive dissonance reduction |
D
|
Social facilitation and arousal |
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|
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Tags:
Motivation | Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 17 |
Go |
Q:
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A researcher wishes to conduct an experiment on classical conditioning in rats. Which of the following must happen in the experiment?
|
|
A
|
A conditioned response must be paired with reinforcement. |
B
|
An unconditioned stimuli must produce a conditioned response. |
C
|
A neutral stimulus most be paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
D
|
An unconditioned response must be rewarded. |
|
|
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 18 |
Go |
Q:
|
A recent study of parental attitudes towards underage drinking found that opposition to youth drinking decreased over time among parents opposed to youth drinking who learned that their own children were drinking while underage. Which of the following explains this finding? |
|
A
|
Elaboration likelihood model. |
B
|
Attachment theory. |
C
|
Observational learning. |
D
|
Cognitive dissonance theory. |
|
|
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Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 19 |
Go |
Q:
|
How do positive and negative reinforcement differ? |
|
A
|
Positive reinforcement increases the targeted behavior; negative reinforcement decreases the targeted behavior. |
B
|
Positive reinforcement uses rewards; negative reinforcement uses punishment. |
C
|
Positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus to increase a targeted behavior; negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus to increase a targeted behavior. |
D
|
Positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus to increase a targeted behavior; negative reinforcement adds an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a targeted behavior. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 20 |
Go |
Q:
|
You once heard a loud noise while looking at a spider, and now fear spiders. The spider is a(n): |
|
A
|
Unconditioned stimulus |
B
|
Conditioned stimulus |
C
|
Unconditioned response |
D
|
Conditioned response |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 21 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is true regarding negative reinforcement and punishment? |
|
A
|
They both have the same effects on behavior. |
B
|
They have opposite effects on behavior. |
C
|
They are different terms for the same phenomenon. |
D
|
They are both ineffective. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 22 |
Go |
Q:
|
A slot machine serves as which type of reinforcement schedule? |
|
A
|
fixed-ratio |
B
|
variable-ratio |
C
|
fixed-interval |
D
|
variable-interval |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 23 |
Go |
Q:
|
The presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus are examples of: |
|
A
|
Positive reinforcement |
B
|
Negative reinforcement |
C
|
Punishment |
D
|
Secondary reinforcement |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 24 |
Go |
Q:
|
Mary has been pestering her roommate Louie to do the dishes all weekend. Louie finally does the dishes, and Mary ceases her persistent nagging. This is an example of a: |
|
A
|
positive punishment.
|
B
|
negative punishment.
|
C
|
positive reinforcement.
|
D
|
negative reinforcement.
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 25 |
Go |
Q:
|
For the past two years, Jane has smoked cigarettes on a regular basis with full knowledge that the habit is bad for her health. According to cognitive dissonance: |
|
A
|
Jane likely avoids arguments about the safety of tobacco.
|
B
|
Jane likely avoids friends who are argumentative towards her and her habit.
|
C
|
Jane might reason that she cannot always avoid every possible dangerous habit or scenario in life.
|
D
|
Jane cannot quit her habit because she feels powerless against cigarettes.
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | Responding to the World | |
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| 26 |
Go |
Q:
|
Operant conditioning is best characterized by which of the following examples? |
|
A
|
The sight of a box of treats causes a dog to salivate.
|
B
|
A young child becomes quiet after hearing a door slam, as his parents usually argue loudly behind the closed door of their bedroom.
|
C
|
After a few months, a young couple does not notice the sound of heavy traffic anymore, despite living on a busy urban street.
|
D
|
A young child learns not to touch the stove when her mother is cooking on it.
|
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 28 |
Go |
Q:
|
A toddler has learned to turn on the hot and cold water at the faucet. Sometimes when she turns on the hot water, cold water comes out and later heats up. Other times, the water scalds her immediately. She seems unable to predict when the water will come out hot and when it will come out cold. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? |
|
A
|
continuous |
B
|
fixed interval |
C
|
fixed ratio |
D
|
variable ratio |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 29 |
Go |
Q:
|
What type of voter would be most likely to make their decision about a candidate using the peripheral route of the elaboration likelihood model? |
|
A
|
A young engineer working long hours whose primary hobbies are unrelated to politics. |
B
|
An idealistic student who is passionate about politics and is heavily engaged in civics. |
C
|
A middle-aged parent concerned about the state of the economy and the future of the country. |
D
|
An elderly person who has voted in every election since the age of 18 and is registered with their political party. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 30 |
Go |
Q:
|
What must be present in order for an individual to be able to convert escape learning into avoidance learning? |
|
A
|
An increase in the amount of time between when the unpleasant stimulus occurs and when the individual is required to act. |
B
|
An increase in the intensity of the unpleasant stimulus. |
C
|
A variable interval of the unpleasant stimulus. |
D
|
A warning that the unpleasant stimulus is about to occur. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 31 |
Go |
Q:
|
A patient has been consistently drinking 4-6 glasses of wine every night for the last 10 years. In an interview about the perceived health effects, she insists that excessive alcohol consumption poses little health risk. This patient best illustrates: |
|
A
|
cognitive dissonance |
B
|
depression |
C
|
incentive theory |
D
|
peer pressure |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
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| 32 |
Go |
Q:
|
Bill always buys any product that his favorite tennis star endorses, even though Bill has never played tennis. Which of the following best explains Bill's actions? |
|
A
|
Bill viscerally feels better about the products when they are associated with someone he likes. |
B
|
Bill wants to bask in the tennis star's glory of accomplishments. |
C
|
Bill has thought hard about those products and concluded they are good items to have. |
D
|
Bill is a chronic "lazy" thinker and spends little time thinking. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 33 |
Go |
Q:
|
An executive of an engineering firm is very harsh to newly employed male employees. He believes that males have decreased work ethic and stamina compared to female employees. New male employees learn of these beliefs; these employees become quite anxious and in turn, produce inferior work compared to their female colleagues. This phenomenon is referred to as: |
|
A
|
power |
B
|
prejudice |
C
|
institutional descrimination |
D
|
stereotype threat |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 35 |
Go |
Q:
|
Dispositional attribution as part of attribution theory is most similar to: |
|
A
|
internal locus of control. |
B
|
external locus of control. |
C
|
fundamental attribution error. |
D
|
stereotype theory. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 36 |
Go |
Q:
|
A prominent health official working to end childhood obesity frequents an unhealthy fast food establishment. This serves as an example of: |
|
A
|
elaboration likelihood. |
B
|
cognitive feedback. |
C
|
hypocrisy theory. |
D
|
cognitive dissonance. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 37 |
Go |
Q:
|
An experiment is constructed to train rats to press a lever. Five seconds after the lever is pressed, a treat is released. This is referred to as a: |
|
A
|
fixed-ratio schedule. |
B
|
variable-ratio schedule. |
C
|
fixed-interval schedule. |
D
|
variable-interval schedule. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 38 |
Go |
Q:
|
A politician spends a large amount time in public blaming others for the status quo. The politician claims to be powerless in the face of these forces. This politician is exhibiting which of the following? |
|
A
|
High external locus of control |
B
|
Fixated on Kohlberg's second stage of development |
C
|
Prejudice |
D
|
Contemptuous stereotype |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 39 |
Go |
Q:
|
The bystander effect relies on: |
|
A
|
incorrect assumptions about others. |
B
|
immoral actions of an individual. |
C
|
issues between an in group and an out group. |
D
|
a conflict of social norms. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 40 |
Go |
Q:
|
The elaboration likelihood model refers to: |
|
A
|
a theory describing learning patterns. |
B
|
a theory regarding attitude changes. |
C
|
a phenomenon that takes place when individuals are in groups. |
D
|
a data manipulation technique that affects attitudes. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 41 |
Go |
Q:
|
A student believes that her performance on tests is due to luck and is not reflective of her understanding of the material or reflective of how much effort she places into studying. This individual can be said to have a(n): |
|
A
|
external locus of control. |
B
|
internal locus of control. |
C
|
fixed locus of control. |
D
|
random locus of control. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 42 |
Go |
Q:
|
Per cognitive appraisal theory, secondary appraisal: |
|
A
|
evaluates a situation for the presence of stressors. |
B
|
evaluates a secondary stressor rather than a primary stressor. |
C
|
is typically not utilized in fairly stressful circumstances. |
D
|
evaluates ones ability to deal with a stressor. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 43 |
Go |
Q:
|
An experimenter wishes to test the Cannon-Bard theory relating to emotion. One such experiment to test this would be: |
|
A
|
timing the onset of physiologic response when confronted with a particular stimulus. |
B
|
producing a fear stimulus in a mouse model and see the consequences on thirst. |
C
|
delivering shocks in response to unwanted behaviors in mice and evaluating physiologic changes that ensue after the shocks. |
D
|
evaluating whether distinct emotions cause similar physiologic responses. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 44 |
Go |
Q:
|
Escape conditioning describes a form of: |
|
A
|
classical conditioning. |
B
|
operant conditioning. |
C
|
observational learning. |
D
|
altruistic conditioning. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 45 |
Go |
Q:
|
Self-serving bias is most similar to which of the following concepts? |
|
A
|
Kohlberg's theory of moral development |
B
|
internal and external loci of control |
C
|
cultural attribution theory |
D
|
the process of socialization |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 46 |
Go |
Q:
|
An experiment is devised where individuals are given a set of mathematics problems to solve using a calculator. The calculator is modified such that it doubles all of the answers, e.g., 5 x 50 would compute as 500. Individuals were asked to complete 10 math questions and were asked interspersed questions relating to the functionality of the calculator. None of participants noted any issues with the calculator. This may serve as an example of: |
|
A
|
imputability fallacy. |
B
|
confirmation bias. |
C
|
fundamental attribution error. |
D
|
belief perseverance. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 47 |
Go |
Q:
|
A set of parents want to teach their infant to not walk up to strangers. When the infant displays the behavior of walking to strangers, one parent gives a small slap to the infant to deter the activity. This can be referred to as: |
|
A
|
positive reinforcement. |
B
|
negative reinforcement. |
C
|
positive punishment. |
D
|
negative punishment. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 48 |
Go |
Q:
|
Schachter-Singer theory argues: |
|
A
|
environmental cues are important for emotional labels. |
B
|
emotions and physiologic changes are entirely independent. |
C
|
emotion always precedes states of arousal. |
D
|
negative emotions arise from noxious stimuli. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 49 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following is an example of countertransference? |
|
A
|
a patient having negative feelings towards their therapist |
B
|
a therapist relives her own abuse as a child through discussions with a patient and emotionally outbursts at the patient |
C
|
a therapist discusses issues with a patient and uses the patient's response to further the discussion |
D
|
a patient having preconceived notions of their therapist |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 50 |
Go |
Q:
|
Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to: |
|
A
|
have a strong notion of self-efficacy. |
B
|
look to others when assessing blame for a failure. |
C
|
have difficulty in performing routine physical tasks. |
D
|
improve task performance when self-consciousness plays a larger role. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 51 |
Go |
Q:
|
Which of the following reinforcement schedule is used in a classroom where students are provided grades for each assignment that is submitted? |
|
A
|
fixed-ratio |
B
|
variable-ratito |
C
|
fixed-interval |
D
|
variable-interval |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 52 |
Go |
Q:
|
Careful consideration of presented facts and figures via what is known as a central route is an aspect of: |
|
A
|
cognitive dissonance. |
B
|
behavioral modification theory. |
C
|
the elaboration likelihood model. |
D
|
cognitive theory of motivation. |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
| 53 |
Go |
Q:
|
A toddler is taught behavior by providing positive reinforcement after sitting in her high chair for one minute without throwing her food. Positive reinforcement is provided each minute that this occurs. Which reinforcement schedule does this scenario describe? |
|
A
|
fixed interval |
B
|
fixed ratio |
C
|
variable interval |
D
|
variable ratio |
|
|
|
Tags:
Attitudes and Behavior Changes | |
|
|
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